“El Sacramento Prohibido” Reaction Paper Essay

Doctrines, traditions, conventions, politics, taboos, these are some elements that are part of the everyday lives of people in the Philippine society. Usually when these are the topics or subjects, issues are commonly entailed. These are the central themes of Lester Andrada’s thesis production which he previewed last March 28, 2014 at the NCAS Alumni Plaza, or the garden area that looks like a small courtyard inside the NCAS building. â€Å"El Sacramento Prohibido† or â€Å"the Forbidden Sacrament† is a satirical production which utilized Absurdism and perhaps a slight hint of the stylings of the Theatre of Cruelty. The story of El Sacramento Prohibido (ESP) revolves around Dante, a young priest fresh out of the seminary who was assigned to the church at his hometown to be its new â€Å"kura† or reverend. Though he brandishes the aura of a straightforward virtuous young man, he bears a secret. Fr. Dante is homosexual, a fact that is controversial and technically against Christian doctrine. Dante was sent to a seminary in Manila by his parents who were both power hungry politicians who saw Dante only as a casualty that may tarnish their names. But even before leaving for the seminary, Dante has a lover, Abel, who was, during Dante’s absence, executed by Fr. Loreto, an old priest residing in San Idelfonso. Upon returning, Dante was attended to by a young altar server named Lermo. He was a thoughtful boy, who was the first to discover Dante’s secret during one of Dante’s moments of reminiscence when he accidentally kissed the boy while thinking of Abel whose whereabouts he has yet to find out. Eventually he shall know everything that happened in his hometown, all the misdeeds done by the church, by his own parents, and ultimately, the murder of his lover. Upon finding out the truth, Dante was  consumed by the darkness, and in the end he kills everyone including himself. In the afterlife, Dante is seen with Abel, together peacefully and happily in paradise. ESP has creatively utilized the production elements in the somewhat intimate setting. First off would be the set and props. ESP was the first production that I have seen using the garden area in NCAS, and it  was a very unique experience, though a setback of it may be that the audience capacity is very limited, and the audience area itself is not leveled since the back part of the audience area is lower than the front, meaning those at the back would have a hard time seeing anything. My favorite thing about the set is how they were able to maximize the structure of the NCAS building itself. The scenes where the undead were pounding on the windows of the NCAS staircase, it was very memorable and awesome. On the props, they were creative but not as accurate (visually) as the actual church paraphernalia like the chalice, and the placement of the podium. The costumes and makeup of the actors were nice, the prosthetics were impressive but can still maybe stepped up a notch. The music wa s creepy, and therefore appropriate. I found it remarkable the moments of live choral music performed by the other actors (the parts when Herzl was at the back of the audience and she was chanting), very beautiful. The lights could be improved especially the timing of when to turn the lights on or off, but the lights in general had been able to establish the mood of the scenes alongside the music. The film component was impressively done in terms of cinematography. The technical aspects of the production can still be improved, like with the projector, and the synchronization of the lights and sounds with the scene. The thing that makes me think of many things about ESP is the text itself. I grew up in a very religious environment. I know how many things worked, why some things are done, what some things meant, since these things were taught to me since I was a child. I found it hard not to comment on some of the technical aspects of the production, like the props (as I mentioned earlier) and also the text, on what the actors were saying. I really cannot blame the playwright since I heard that he was not a Catholic. I think what the playwright intended to depict is the undesirable characteristics and actions of the Church and how other people see it, and with that kind of perspective I think it had  done that part well. Though looking at it in retrospect, I think that perhaps had it been too accurate, it may be more offensive especially if they don’t know how to look at things with an artistic perspective, or just with an open mind. The text had tackled many issues in the Philippine  society. There’s the case of the LGBT, where they are seen as undesirable in society as portrayed by how Fr. Loreto and Mr. & Mrs. Barrameda had shunned Dante because of his homosexuality. Another issue is with the church, or I should rather say the church practitioners, which had done wrongs since the time of the Spanish colonization when they used the word of God to exploit and take advantage of the people, as depicted by how Fr. Loreto always demands payments for sermons and other things that shouldn’t even be given a price. This next one may not be that much of an issue but the harm that can be brought about by gossip, which was depicted by the three ladies who attend mass and then afterwards talk bad about other people. The last one I shall point at is the dirty politics which is rampant in the Philippines. It was depicted by Dante’s parents who buy votes in a desperate attempt to hold on to power. They even wanted to utilize Dante’s influence as a priest in order to make the people vote for them. The part which disappointed me was the fact that Dante had given in to the darkness, and also the fact that he killed Lermo, the innocent young boy who was always there to support him. But anyways, as a production, I think El Sacramento Prohibido is good and overall an enjoyable experience especially during the times when they break the fourth wall (well, at least for me, I’m okay with it), and also it wants to tell the audience not just a story but also a message of awareness about what is happening in society nowadays.

Law and Freedom Essay

The concept of freedom has been a highly debated topic since the creation of the constitution in the 1700’s. Freedom can be defined in many different ways. In each definition, one commonality is apparent. Everyone is seeking freedom although has it ever actually been obtained? Is it possible to reach a state of being completely free? Of course not. Being free means having no limits or restrictions. In our world today freedom is only an idea, an unreachable concept that is constantly being chased. Freedom is not a distinct idea. Its meaning to one person may be completely different to another. â€Å"The state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint.†, and â€Å"Exemption from external control, interference, regulation, etc.† are two definitions that are given for freedom at Dictionary.com. To me, freedom is the capability to express oneself. To be able to make choices on where you live, what books to read, what music to l isten to, and which religion to believe in. Freedom can also be referred to as free hand and opportunity. Free hand is the freedom to act and make decisions. That statement helped me define my concept of freedom. With the absence of the ability to make decisions and act in favor of your beliefs, freedom would not exist. Opportunity is a synonym for freedom, and without it freedom would be inexistent. When someone is restricted from living their own life, fulfilling their own dreams, and making their own decisions, they are not free. The components of freedom are democracy, constitution, and citizens. A democracy must be put into place so the opinion of the citizens is considered, as well as maintaining a peaceful state. Having a democracy will also assure that the majority will rule and the minority will be heard. The United States has had many proposed bills shut down because they have violated the rights guaranteed to the people by the constitution. This is why I believe that a constitution is one of the main components to freedom; one of its main purposes is protecting it. Without a constitution, citizens of our country would have such a frightening lack of rights. The final component necessary for freedom are the citizens. Without the citizens, there would not be a point of having a constitution because there wouldn’t be anyone to establish or fight for freedom. These components help me live my everyday life. The constitution sets out guidelines for the government and for the citizens. The constitution gives the citizens a right to be free and express themselves without any kind of judgment or consequence. These three parts of freedom allow society to express ideas, beliefs, values, and be happy. Freedom is not the inability to express personal beliefs and nor is it easy to obtain. Freedom does not exist in communist societies were a person has to watch what they say about the government. Many people feel differently about the meaning of freedom. Some may believe that they are in fact free. Others feel that complete freedom is inevitable. In my opinion, a free state would only cause chaos and possibly destruction. The free citizen has the ability to make opinions and act according to his or her own free will to achieve happiness. It is impossible to allow every citizen of a country to be free because they would eventually infringe on the freedoms of others. Freedom is a concept, an idea, it is not tangible, nor is it a reality.

Police future and using of new Technologies Essay

Police future and using of new Technologies - Essay Example Local law enforcement agencies are part of the overall DHS team, even while taking care of local issues, as they are also at street level and most likely to gather information from neighborhood contacts (Peak 2012). Many of the tools devised by the military are now being used by the law enforcement communities to help overcome issues of restricted manpower and availability on the streets. Tools used by the FBI and the NSA, particularly within the surveillance realm, are being used, such as advanced electronic apparatus that will pick up any phone and texting messages being sent in any given area that is being monitored by the Stingray (Sabalow 2013). This mobile device picks up the transmissions from a close-by tower and relays it back to the mobile device’s antenna and is then downloaded to a laptop. By all formal accounts, actual phone conversations and text messages are not picked up in real time. The point is to determine those suspected phone numbers, which link people being watched, with others who may yet be unknown to the police, until that linkage occurs. Location of the phone call or message is recorded by location and time, perhaps placing certain suspicious people close to so me event that has occurred, or is likely to occur, such as a bombing. The next step for law enforcement is to get a warrant that can be applied to the tower’s carrier and thus, be able to get more information from the carrier on the suspected people involved. However, there is always room for abuse in determining just when the original information was gathered, thus necessitating that warrant, or if one was even obtained. Not only are suspected people under surveillance, so are those people who just happen to be in that area where the tower is located (Sabalow 2013). It would be ideal if law enforcement could come up with fine-tuned technology that could just follow the suspicious phone numbers and text messages by setting up a technological code on the

Sharif Husayn ibn Ali achievements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sharif Husayn ibn Ali achievements - Essay Example amascus after emerging victorious against the Ottoman and German armies after motivating his army by claiming a Jihad, to fight for their sovereignty (Mehran, 2011, p. 67). Other achievements of Sharif Husayn include the use of stamps and paper money in Mecca, which promoted trade in the ports that he had captured during the war. His ability to unite different Arab clans and group is a great achievement that proved essential in the victory against Ottoman Empire. Sharif Husayn motivational skills and unity of the Arab Muslims, Jewish and Christians proved key for the coexistence of the Arabs long after his death (Stuart, Norvig & Davis, 2010, p. 97). This achievement may be controversial but it is under Sharif Husayn leadership that Arab Nationalism began. The Arabs were able to lay aside their religious beliefs to fight for their rights (Carol, Phelan, & Bierman, 2012, p. 43). Finally, the lines in the dust although they brought controversy and war, it was his negotiation skills that led to the borders that eventually became sovereign

Acute coronary syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Acute coronary syndrome - Essay Example tients with ACS is quick and accurate, risk stratification is done and management is commenced as early as possible to achieve good outcomes in the short and long turn (Housholder-Hughes, 2011). The role of nurses in the management of ACS is crucial in all aspects, be it diagnosis and assessment, triage, pharmacotherapy, perioperative management, critical care, postoperative care, discharge and rehabilitation. All nurses should have evidence based knowledge so that they can make informed decisions in the management of an ACS patient. This review aims to describe the pathophysiology, nursing diagnoses and assessment, and nursing interventions of acute coronary syndrome. Current research and articles relevant to the aforementioned topics were reviewed and analyzed in order to provide a base for evidence based practice. The literature was retrieved by performing a MEDLINE and Google/Google Scholar search on the internet combined with a manual search for journals and books pertaining to the above mentioned topics. The keywords and their combinations that were used were acute coronary syndrome, nurse, nurse practitioner, ACS, pathophysiology, diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, unstable angina, STEMI, NSTEMI, myocardial infarction, MI, management, nursing assessment, and nursing interventions. Although, the articles identifying assessment, interventions, and their impact on the management of ACS specifically in the context of nursing are few, the guidelines targeting healthcare practitioners in general have been adapted for nurses by most authors in their recommendations. According to Hansson (2005), deposition of atherosclerotic plaques in walls and lumens of arteries (atherosclerosis) is an inflammatory process resulting from an interaction of immune and metabolic risk factors. Acute coronary syndromes occur when reduced blood flow causes sudden myocardial ischemia. This happens when a thrombus is formed on the surface of the atherosclerotic plaque as a result of plaque

Historical Figures and their impact on American History Essay - 1

Historical Figures and their impact on American History - Essay Example The biggest moment in Jackson’s military career was his defeat of British forces at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, which helped restore the nation’s pride. Even though this was the last engagement with the British in the military, he was also involved with many military engagements with Indian tribes that were in the region. After the fall of the British, he began to step in and participate in the arena of politics. He first ran as the presidential candidate in 1824 against John Quincy Adams; he lost. He had won most of the popular vote, but did not receive the electoral majority. He ran again in 1829 and finally won the election. The biggest thing in his favor was he was considered to be â€Å"a friend to the common man† having been the only one of the first elected presidents to not come from aristocracy. His biggest and longest contribution to the economic system of America was the abolishment and reformation of the bank of the United States. He felt that the economic systems of America had to be concentrated and that the economic policies swayed too much power over Congress. He was also known for the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It allowed the federal government to negotiate for land outside the US territory and eventually forced the Indians further west. Although Jackson was able to create a better society for those of the lower classes, he made many enemies which is what eventually lead to his assassination attempt in 1835. Jackson died on June 8, 1845 in Nashville, Tennessee. Even though he died, his strong will was considered by many to be the start of what would become Manifest Destiny in American exploration west (â€Å"Andrew Jackson Biography†). Although not one of the more popular ideas which arose from his presidency... After the fall of the British, he began to step in and participate in the arena of politics. He first ran as the presidential candidate in 1824 against John Quincy Adams; he lost. He had won most of the popular vote but did not receive the electoral majority. He ran again in 1829 and finally won the election. The biggest thing in his favor was he was considered to be â€Å"a friend to the common man† has been the only one of the first elected presidents to not come from the aristocracy. His biggest and longest contribution to the economic system of America was the abolishment and reformation of the bank of the United States. He felt that the economic systems of America had to be concentrated and that the economic policies swayed too much power over Congress. He was also known for the Indian Removal Act in 1830. It allowed the federal government to negotiate for land outside the US territory and eventually forced the Indians further west. Although Jackson was able to create a b etter society for those of the lower classes, he made many enemies which are what eventually lead to his assassination attempt in 1835. Jackson died on June 8, 1845, in Nashville, Tennessee. Even though he died, his strong will was considered by many to be the start of what would become Manifest Destiny in American exploration west. Although not one of the more popular ideas which arose from his presidency was the concept of the spoils system. The spoils system was a way of rewarding those who were loyal to the political party which wins the election.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Education - Essay Example Student activism is observed as the crucial force for social change especially in times of political turmoil (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). The history is replete with many examples such as China’s May Fourth Movement which happened in 1919 and the Youth Pledge in Indonesia which occurred in 1928. These events have shown the immense sympathy of the youth population toward their respective country. The May Fourth Movement in China had gathered more or less three thousand Chinese students in Tianasquare to protest against its government’s weak response to imperialism and feudalism (Tse-tung, as cited in â€Å"Selected Works,† 2004). On the other hand, the Youth Pledge in Indonesia had helped the Indonesian youths to voice out their concerns with regard to colonialism. The pledge actually provided that the youths of Indonesia will â€Å"build a new and independent nation which was later on achieved in 1945† (McTique, 2009). In other cases, student de monstrations â€Å"have toppled powerful dictatorship, military juntas† and even ended wars (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Truly, student movements have the capacity to effect political change by gathering support from the rest of the community. It serves as the conscience of nations (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Moreover, it reminds the people â€Å"of the founding ideals of their countries† and the aim for dignity, justice and equality in times of political turmoil (â€Å"Student Activism,† 2002). Nonetheless, despite the aforementioned historical accounts on the significance of student activists in a society, there are those who vehemently oppose it. One of which is the government. It is a contention that governments are generally against any activist movements especially those from the youth sector. This is plausible since a government must always protect and defend its honor before its constituents. It looks forward to prevent any f orm of

Holdsworth's English Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holdsworth's English Law - Essay Example In his opinion, Holmes perceives that humans are only obedient to the law because it is what is presented to them by the world and that they obtain results fancied as desirable. While obeying the law, humans tend to ignore the fact that their search for desirable ideas results comes at a high cost those results in bills that are relatively obscure. Holmes’ thought is that even in the present day and age, inventing a different code for humans would result in men who are well off compared to their situations today. However, the worst part is that as of now, humans would be reluctant to adopt codes of life that differ from what they consider to be the norm. Such human attitude could be due to the naivetà © with which principles are eternalized based on social prejudices. Eternalized principles in humans then result in beliefs and want which are reinforced by the laws of imitation. Consequently, until humans are presented with reasons strong enough to change, they remain resistan t and conservative and need no more justification than appetite. Instead of following what they want, the human is expected to and always feel obliged to follow rules since no little doubt makes it inevitable to follow the rule by the courts. In summary, Holmes argues without their conservative nature and internalization of life principles, humans are subject to living a better life that does not bind them to high evitable bills. In my opinion, humans have been subjected to the law since time in memory and from one generation to the other, the law has been internalized as the only means to desirable results. Consequently, humans are reluctant to dare live life without laws or under the guidance of different laws. Humans have grown to remain conservatisms of the law hence always react to change in those laws with great resistance.  Ã‚  

Models of Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Models of Economics - Research Paper Example Its main thoughts are that; free markets are better situated to allocate the scarce resources in any economy; minimum government or state intervention in the economy is important and works best (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 1981). It contends that the supply of money ought to be maintained at equilibrium with money demand. This prevents distortion of the economy through increased money supply, which leads to various evils such as inflation, and excess demand that is not be met by the available supply. Socialism is an economic system that lies between capitalism and communism. It seeks to redistribute the wealth more equitably through the common ownership of natural resources and key industries such as public utilities and manufacturing industries. The state involves itself in central planning. Production of goods and provision of services, including their prices and distribution is centrally controlled (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 1981). This economic model puts emphasis on improving developing nations’ economies. This economic model focuses on ways to stimulate growth in those countries through enhancing aspects such as education, health, working conditions, market and improving both international and domestic policies and systems. Their focus is to figure out how developing/poor countries would be changed into thriving ones (Pindyck & Rubinfeld, 1981). Since political and social circumstances of various countries vary substantially, tactics for turning a poor nation are usually unique and country specific. For example, the government strives to maintain the economy at equilibrium by either controlling or sharing of natural and state resources or controlling money supply in order to avoid economic distortion through increased money supply. John Keynes’ economic theory is applicable in many economies in the world since it was first developed. Keynes advocated for the regulation of economies using controlled money supply and

My Experiences with Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Experiences with Writing - Essay Example Writing is how I express myself best. It is through writing that I can reveal the information or knowledge that I have to a reader or my audience. For example, upon reading my notes in preparation for examinations, I write to establish how best I have memorized the main points. In this regard, I rest assured that when the day of examinations approaches, I will respond to the set questions without much of a problem. There are also instances where I write to free myself from distressing thoughts, such as pressing issues. I always feel relieved when I scribble my painful feelings away. I believe writing is one of the best ways to communicate. One of my writing successes has been taking part in essay writing competitions and winning several awards. This makes me happy knowing that I conveyed my points and ideas successfully. Also, it feels good to learn that you have an audience who can appreciate your writing skills or your written pieces of work. This gives me the strength to write even better. However, I have encountered disheartening experiences where I learnt that, as an international student, I cannot get employment in the U.S. I have always admired living and working in America when I complete my education. However, this destroys my morale and further chips away at my abilities. Words, language, and written communication form distinctive parts of my life. Particularly, I use words to express my ideas and views by constructing sentences and expressions.

Gender Roles in the United States Essay Example for Free

Gender Roles in the United States Essay 1. Briefly discuss the history of ethnic relations in the United States. The ethnic history of the United States was long rooted during the colonial period. The first settlements in the United States were the Spanish outposts in the towns of Florida and California and a French outpost in Louisiana. English colonizers declared the United States’ independence in 1776 due to their yearning for freedom from their own country (Doane). â€Å"The class, racial, ethnic, and gender relationships of the contemporary nation have their roots in the colonial period† (Doane). Because of the failure to force Native American settlers to work on the fields, the British settlers resorted in importing African slaves to work on cotton plantations located at the South, while the Whites chose to reside on the North to further hone their emerging industries (Doane). The ethnic relations of the United States during the early years are characterized by the major issue of racism and discrimination based on skin color. During the colonial times, the poor whites and the indentured servants served as bridges for the slaves and the landlords. The poor whites tried to identify themselves with the rich landowning whites and propagated the idea of white racial identity rather than the class identity (Doane). This action in turn reinforced the racial discrimination in the country. The status, skin color and position in the labor market characterized the relationships among racial and ethnic groups. Some of the Blacks migrated northward to work on industrial jobs but disparity continued as they were paid less than the whites on comparable jobs. The Blacks also received less social benefits than the Whites reinforcing discrimination (Doane). 2. Describe the process of gender role socialization. Give examples of how females and males are trained to fulfill the expectations of their gender roles. There is a tendency for the society to mandate societal rules and determine what is right and acceptable to the people. This process is referred to as gender role socialization, wherein social institutions control the society’s expectations on â€Å"dress code, language, personality, leisure activities and aspirations for each sex† (Padavic and Reskin 53). Through this process, people learn their gender identity. The society associates well established values, attitudes, behavior, choices and performance that are appropriate for gender categories such as men and women. People are able to absorb the specific roles that the society is trying to inculcate to the members of a particular sex (Senior 25). Learning our gender roles is important in the aspect of socialization and our interaction with other people. Childhood experiences of socialization prepare the people in their gender and social roles in such a way that adult members of the society are expecting them to behave (Senior 25). Even as children, people have been trained to behave and act according to their biological sexual orientation. And as such, parents reinforce gender role socialization on their child-rearing methods. They give toy guns and robots to their male children and dolls and kitchen utensils to their female children. People may be unconsciously aware but through this method, social roles are being inculcated within the consciousness of children in the society as they become adults. Toy guns for male children depict that males should be aggressive and courageous. Boys are also more exposed to high-tech toys like PSP and Gameboy reflecting their advantage in the technological field of industry. Female children or girls, on the other hand, are encouraged to play with dolls and kitchen utensils to prepare them to their future social roles which are in charged of the household, homemaker and as domestic provider. It also encouraged the attitudes of women to become caring and nurturing. 3. Discuss the evidence, which points to either gender roles being biological or cultural in origin. Base on this evidence, what conclusions can be drawn about the origins of gender roles. Discuss some of the most important sources of gender inequalities in our society. How can these inequalities be alleviated? One of the speculated causes of the significant difference in the attitudes and social characteristics between men and women is their biological structure. It was said that genes and other biological components play a big role in influencing these social characteristics. There are biological explanations provided in an attempt to examine aggressiveness in males. It was already known that the inherent presence of Y gene in the 23rd chromosome makes males susceptible to physical disarray. However, there is no strong evidence explaining the role of genetics in the aggressiveness of individuals, particularly the males. Several indicators of violence have been found to be more evident in males than in females (Englander 122). Research further reveals the role of androgens in the prevalence of violence. Androgens are male sex hormones that are abundant in males. These hormones were indirectly linked to criminal violence and also to traditional behavior. Studies show that women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a medical condition in which androgens are secreted in the uterus of females, have an inclination to male tastes and preferences. Although there is no concrete evidence of the relationship between androgens and violence, it was suspected to be the reason behind men’s more aggressive behavior (Englander 123). Another biological factor that is thought to be responsible behind the violent attitude of men is the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Behavioral patterns are related to the level of MOA presence in the blood. Men are found to have lower levels of MAO than women. Lower MAO levels are associated with aggressiveness and the sudden burst of anger and frustrations, especially impulsiveness (Englander 123). Another essential factor that was believed to be responsible for the development of aggression in men and the nurturing attitude of women is the social construction or the difference in how each was reared and molded by culture and society. A person’s social environment is accountable for the values inculcated in his or her personality. His or her socially-constructed identity is viewed to be inherent with his biological sex. Difference in gender has a widespread effect in the society, which was supported by documented knowledge in socio-biology and evolutionary psychology. This collection of knowledge states that men and women are irrevocably different in bodily configurations (Taylor Spencer 41). Such disparities in gender can be alleviated through programs that will breach the inequality in gender such as having equal opportunity on the workplace. We could also start hastening changes through campaign programs that will call for equality between genders. Works Cited Doane, Molly. 2007. â€Å"Culture of United States of America†. Advameg, Inc. 11 November 2008 http://www. everyculture. com/To-Z/United-States-of-America. html. Englander, Elizabeth Kandel. Understanding Violence. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , 2007. Padavic, Irene and Barabara F. Reskin. Women and Men at Work, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press, 2002. Senior, Olive. Working Miracles. London: James Currey Ltd. , 1991. Taylor, Gary and Steve Spencer. Social Identities: Multidisciplinary Approaches. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Intermediate Accounting Essay Example for Free

Intermediate Accounting Essay Nicholas Inc. is in need of a new punch press to increase its production output. Their company policy is to have the purchasing department obtain 3 different vendor bids for any major purchases. The engineering department of Nicholas Inc. has determined that each of the three vendor’s punch presses is substantially identical and each has an estimated useful life of 20 years. Maintenance on the machine is performed at year-end. With a cost of capital of 10%, it is our job to determine which vendor to purchase the new machine from. The engineering department has determined the annual maintenance expense associated with the punch press to be $1000 per year for the first five years, $2000 per year for the next 10 years and $3000 per year for the last five years. To calculate the present value of these accumulated costs you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $1,000 for the first five periods plus the present value of an ordinary annuity of $2,000 in periods 6 thru 15 plus the present value of an ordinary annuity in periods 16 thru 20. This is equal to: =1000 x PV of OA + 2000 x PV of OA + 3000 x PV of OA =1000 x 3.79079 + 2000 x (7.60608-3.79079) + 3000 x (8.51356-7.60608) =$14,143.81 The value of the punch press from Vendor A is equal to $55,000 in cash at delivery and 10 year end payments of $18,000 each. To calculate the present value of the purchase, you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $18,000 plus the initial payment of $55,000. This in preset value is equal to: =55000 + 18000 x PV of OA =55000 + 18000 x 6.14457 =$165,602.26 Vendor A offers a separate 20-year maintenance service contract valued at $10000 made at the initial purchase. This would save the company $4,143.81 in maintenance costs over the life of the press. Including maintenance costs associated with this punch press, the total amount of money spent on this machine in present day dollars would be $175,602.26 The value of the punch press from Vendor B is equal to forty semiannual payments of $9,500 each, with the first payment due at the time of delivery. To determine the cost in present value dollars, you find the present value of an annuity due of $9500 for 40 periods at 5%, which is equal to: =9500 x PV of AD =9500 x (17.15909 x 1.05) =$171,161.92 Vendor B will perform all year-end maintenance associated with the press at no additional cost, so the present value amount spent on the equipment would be $171,161.92 The value of the punch press from Vendor C is equal to $150,000 cash at the initial time of delivery. Since no annual maintenance package is offered from Vendor C, we must assume the cost of maintenance will be equal to what the engineering department had determined above. The present value dollar costs associated with the purchase of the press from Vendor C is $164,143.81. Nicholas Inc. should use Vendor C to purchase the new punch press. Using present value dollars to determine how much the press will cost today, Vendor C offers the cheapest purchase price for the machine. One factor other than the price of the equipment Nicholas Inc. should consider is the balance in their cash account. Do they have a large enough balance to cover the large initial payment of $150,000? Also, if they do have enough cash on hand to make a $150,000 initial purchase, will this result in Nicholas Inc. being short on the cash that it needs for other normal expenses like payroll, utilities and raw materials purchases? If a cash shortfall would result from purchasing the press from Vendor C, then Nicholas Inc. may be forced to use Vendor B who offers a financing plan but will result in them paying more in present value dollars for the press. The most recent concept statement that deals with present value measurements in accounting is the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements. This was issued in February of 2000. When observable dollar amounts are not available to determine the value of an asset or liability, accountants often turn to estimated cash flows to determine the carrying value of the asset or liability in question. Since those cash flows usually occur in one or more future periods, present value concepts of the future cash flows are used to determine the value of the asset or liability. The goal here is to determine the difference in value between these cash flows if they were received today and when they are received in the future. Examples of assets and liabilities that would use present value concepts to determine their carrying value are notes payable, bonds payable, notes receivable and bonds receivable. The following are key terms related to present value and its use in accounting measurement practices. Best estimate is the single most likely amount in a range of possible estimated amounts. Estimated cash flow refers to a single amount to be received or paid in the future. Expected cash flow refers to the probability-weighed amounts in a range of possible estimated amounts to be received or paid in the future. A fresh-start measurement is when the value of an asset or a liability is re-evaluated after its original period of valuation. Some fresh-start measurements are performed every period while others occur only after a certain situation or â€Å"trigger† occurs. Interest methods of allocation refers to the process companies use to adjust the book value of assets or liabilities when their values have previously been determined using present value techniques. Interest methods of allocation will be used to determine the carrying value of the punch press for Nicholas Inc in future periods. Estimated cash outflows associated with each vendor were the basis to determine which vendor had the cheapest present value price of the equipment. [ 1 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, Paragraph 1. February 2000. [ 2 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, February 2000.

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK This essay will consider the principle sources of law in the UK, and how law is made through; Parliament which is considered the supreme law making body, common law or law made by judges, and European Union law (EU law). It will explain the different processes by which law can be changed and how law reform is produced by parliamentary and judicial activity. It will then show how Parliament takes into account social, technological and economic changes when dealing with particularities of law reform through the Law Commission, Royal Commissions, and various member bills. It will also show how the judiciary use interpretation of the law to implement reform it in an opportunistic way case by case. Consideration will be given to EU law and how this affects the law making process. The British constitutution, unlike other constitutions throughout the world is an unwritten constitution. It is a creation of historical progress and while many of its sources are written it remains uncodified. The constitution sets out how power should be balanced between the governing bodies. In the UK there are three main sources of law, Parliamentary law (statute law), Common law and EU law. Parliamentary law in the form of Acts, begin in a variety of ways as Bills, these are proposals for a new piece of legislation presented to Parliament and must go through various stages of agreement, by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords before being formally approved by the reigning sovereign, in the form of Royal Assent in order to become part of the UK Law. Public Bills presented by a government minister affect the entire population and generally become Acts of Parliament, while Private Member Bills although similar are presented by non government ministers such as MPs or Lords. Many of these do not become law, but do raise publicity around the issues they are concerned with. The Children Act 2004 created a Childrens Commissioner for England in response to issues raised from a Private Members Bill (The Open University, 2011, p.101). A Private Bill is presented by other organisations such as private companies and affects only a minority of society. Bills may be passed because of a national emergency or in reaction to some new technology. The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, was created in direct response to the events of terrorist attacks on America on 11 September 2001. It allows for the indefinite detention without trial of foreign nationals who are suspected of posing a threat to the security of this country (The Daily Tel egraph, 2003). However, this may be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). During the law making process there are many influences on Parliament in the form of Law Commissions, Royal Commissions, and various pressure groups. The Law Commission was established by The Law Commission Act 1965 as an independent body to reassess the existing law, recommend reforms and abolish old laws or amend existing laws. Royal Commissions are advisory groups set up by Government to generally deal with non political issues. The introduction of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 came about from recommendations from the commission when the Birmingham Six successfully had their convictions overturned. In the UK historically, the judiciary make law by way of contributing to the development of the common law. The legal principles are built on through the courts by judges case by case over time, through an established practice of precedent known as stare decisis meaning to stand by decided cases. In the case of R v R [1992] 1 AC 599, the House of Lords, which was the highest court until 2009, decided to overrule previous precedent by recognising the offence of marital rape, however the House of Lords felt constrained to say they were changing the law, but were simply removing an error as to the true meaning of the law. Accurate law reporting through Year Books, The Law Reports, Weekly Lay Reports and European Law Reports, allows for this legal doctrine to be collated, identified and accessed. The doctrine of binding precedent refers to the hierarchical structure of the court system, and means that a decision made in a higher court is binding on the courts below it, however, this can lead to the judiciary overstepping their constitutional role by actually making law instead of applying it. Judges can ensure that a statute is interpreted properly, giving flexibility without waiting for Parliaments prolonged processes. By the use of statutory interpretation the judiciary can influence the law using rules developed over time, however, each rule can result in different decisions. Statutory interpretation is made up of four rules that the judiciary use when deciding on the outcome of a court case. By applying the literal rule, the judge considers what the statute actually says in its every day meaning and applies this, unless this would produce an outcome that was absurd, then the golden rule which allows the judiciary to look for another meaning for the words in the statue. The mischief rule gives more discretion as the judiciary can look at the law before the statute was created, in order to discover what mischief the statute was intended to deal with. With the purposive rule the court is not just looking at what the statute intended but also what they think Parliament meant to achieve. The UK courts are divided into a hierarchy which practices law at all levels, in both civil and criminal matters. The lowest court is the Magistrates Courts, followed by the Crown Court and County Courts, the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the highest court is the Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords). The hierarchy system means that decisions can be checked or overruled by higher courts to take into account changes to political, social or technological conditions. Decisions made in the Supreme Court are binding to all UK courts. Other influences come from the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union which overrides domestic precedent. EU law has power over UK law, even without having been approved by the UK Parliament and, where applicable, the UK is bound by that law and cannot make conflicting laws. The UK was the first country to ratify the ECHR in 1951, and it has been introduced into English law covering basics such as the right to life, and the right to marry and found a family. Any new laws must be compatible with the ECHR. The Human Rights Act 1998 is classed as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the UK, it allows the ECHR to be part of British law, and allows citizens to use the domestic court system when breaches of their rights are in dispute. Whilst this does not allow the courts to overrule an Act of Parliament, they can make a declaration of incompatibility under s.4 of the Act. Parliament then decides whether the law should be changed, but this allows the judiciary some discretionary powers under s.8 allowing them to award remedies. Law making in England and Wales is based on a democratic Parliament so that the public can have an effect on law reform. Through general elections every five years it ensures that the government does not remain in power against the wishes of the people, however most people vote based on a partys proposals, and the winning party are not legally bound to keep these promises. As the first past the post election system is not a balanced representation system, a government may not have a majority of public support through votes, despite winning a majority of constituent seats. This allows for a powerful government with overwhelming Parliamentary power to push through its required legislation whilst having the support of a minority of the people. Legislation can be passed during times of crisis, following a breakthrough in science on human embryo cloning The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 came into force within nine days. The Law Reform Act 1965 codifies all areas of law, including co rporate law, family law, and reproductive rights The introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (CMCHA 2007) came about in response to societys frustration with the lack of successful corporate prosecutions such as the POs Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987, R v PO [1991] in which 190 people were killed, when the bow doors were left open after setting sail. The current law at the time lacked provisions for negligence where death occurred, as the common law offence required an individual to be responsible, even though the coroners report gave a ruling of unlawful killing. In such a large corporation the prosecution were not able to identify the individuals responsible for obvious and serious risk of the ship setting sail with its bow doors open (Bergman, D. 1990). The Law Commission with pressure from the Health and Safety Executive and the Centre for Corporate Accountability proposed reform for the creation of the 2007 Act. Parliament took more than ten years to implement the legislation, and while showing some positive reforms, is limited. New prosecutions can only be prosecuted by the Director of Public Prosecutions and only in the High Court. The judiciary powers under s.6 only allow for indictment of a fine if a corporation is convicted of corporate manslaughter or corporate homicide, with ss.9 and 10 providing the sanction of remedial orders for them to remedy the breach. In 2011 the successful conviction of a company under the CMCHA 2007 led to a large fine for Cotswold Geotechnical Holdings Ltd, on appeal the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction but no real precedent was set as it was small family run business with a sole director. The judiciary will have to wait for prosecutions of larger organisations before any interpretation of th e Act will become clear. Family law in the UK has been subject to substantial modification over the years, through social changes encompassing marriage, divorce, non-marital cohabitation, same sex partnerships and adoption. These changes in ideas about family can affect legal issues such as taxation, inheritance and other civil and criminal laws. The Marriage Act 1949 was challenged in the European Court of Human Rights in the case of B and L v United Kingdom [2006]. UK law did not allow a father-in-law to marry his daughter -in-law, even though both were divorced and had formed a relationship. The ECrtHR found this incompatible with Article 12 of the convention and consequently the UK Parliament reformed this law in the Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007. The concept of common law husband or wife does not exist in the UK legal system, couples who live together, whether same sex or heterosexual, and are not married do not have the same legal rights as those that are. The Odysseus Group, a pressure group for equal rights for all called for changes in the law to allow these couples to have the same legal rights as married couples. This and the case of Anna Homsi (The Open University, 2011 p.54) led to the creation of The Civil Partnership Act 2004 allowing same sex couples to register their partnership and be afforded the same rights as a married couple. Parliament left out recommendations from The Law Commission to include heterosexual couples in the Bill, during the parliamentary term. It maintains that heterosexual couples can marry if they want to whereas same sex couples cannot under the present law. Technological and medical advances have occurred in a relatively short period of time, and the necessity to regulate these practices became an issue of statutory regulation as they are in the public interest. The legal issues with reproductive technology brought about the creation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (HFEA 1990). The Act sets out the principles, prohibitions and created the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to regulate and assist the judiciary in applying the law. This Act however was implemented based on technology and science from 1984. Section 12 of the HFEA 1990 sets out the conditions for licensing, and requires compliance of section 3, the requirements for effective consent of treatment (The Open University, 2012 p.91). This was challenged by Diane Blood who wanted to have fertility treatment using the sperm of her dead husband. However, the sperm had been taken while her husband was in a coma and he had not given written consent to its use. The HFEA refused to authorise treatment without consent, and it was ruled in the Court of Appeal that she could exercise her rights under s.10 of the ECHR to have fertility treatment in another EU state. This illustrates that the law was open to interpretation, as written consent was not specified in the Act. The court stated that as Parliament had delegated responsibility to the Authority, then the courts should not interfere, however they did point to considerations with regards to the EC Treaty and Diane Bloods enforceable rights. The Government acknowledged this position and no amendments have been made to the Act. In the case of R (on the application of Quintavalle on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] EWHC Admin 918 the courts ruled, after using a purposive interpretation that the embryos created through cell nuclear replacement (CNR) could be used for experimentation without the limitation of time or any other restriction. In the Court of Appeal reference was made to the case of Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800, and concluded that the legislation would have imposed the same restrictions on embryos from CNR as embryos from a person. They interpreted that although the technology did not exist when the Act was created, Parliaments regulation of the use of embryos was clear. The Government created The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001. In conclusion, this essay shows how the law making process and law reform is defined through technological, social and economic developments. Parliament as a public elected body deals with the particularities of reform through the various commissions, pressure groups and members bills as they are accountable to the public. The judiciary can be seen to reform the law through the common law system, using principles of interpretation, and they do this in an opportunistic way through cases as they are presented to the courts. Although the implementation of The Human Rights Act 1998 gives judges the power to declare incompatibilities with the current law, it is still opportunistic, and piecemeal. Bibliography Statutes Abortion Act 1967 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Children Act 2004 Civil Partnership Act 2004 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Criminal Appeal Act 1995 The European Convention of Human Rights Family Law Act 1996 Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 The Human Rights Act 1998 The Law Commission Act 1965 Marital Causes Act 1973 Marriage Act 1949 Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007 (2007 No. 438) Cases B and L v United Kingdom [2006] 1 FLR 35 R v Human Fertilisation and Emryology Authority, ex parte Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687 R v PO European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R 72; [1991] Crim : R 695 R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 R (on application of Quintaville on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] EWHC Admin 918 Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800 Course Units Arthur, R. (2011) Unit 7 Unlawful Conduct, W100 Block 2 Legal Personality, p57-67, Milton Keynes, The Open University Arthur, R., Goodey, J., and Howells, C. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.89-113, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. (2012), Unit 25 Law, justice and social change: (3) law and reproductive technology, W100 Block 7, Justice, p.90-124, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. and Slapper, G. (2011) Unit 4 Making Law (2) common law. W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.141-192, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. And Zambellas, A. (2011) Unit 5 Making Law (3) Europe, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p.207-230, Milton Keynes, The Open University Montgomery, H. (2012), Unit 24 Law, justice and social change: (2) marriage and family, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.47-74, Milton Keynes, The Open University Weait, M. and Goodey, J. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law: (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p89-138, Milton Keynes, The Open University Zambellas, A. and Voiculescu, A. (2012) Unit 23 Law, justice and social change: (1) corporate manslaughter, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.13-32, Milton Keynes, The Open University Reader Articles Bergman, D. (1990) Recklessness in the boardroom, New Law Journal, 140, 6477, p.1496, Reading 28 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Community Legal Service Direct Information Leaflet 7 (2005), The Human Rights Act, Legal Services Commission, Reading 7 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (extract), 2007 Chapter 19, Reading 35 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University The Daily Telegraph (2003) Desperate times need temporary measures, Daily Telegraph, London, 19 December 2003, p.23, Reading 5 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Forlin, G. (2007) Worth the wait?, New Law Journal, 157 NLJ 1165, Reading 36 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Gerry, A. (2005) Happy birthday human rights, New Law Journal, 155 NLJ 1469, Reading 8 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Muylle, K. J. (2003) Improving the effectiveness of parliamentary legislative procedures, Statute Law Review, 24 (169), Reading 7 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Slapper, G. (1996) Should the judges or MPs make the laws?, The Times, London, The Times Newspapers, 2 July 1996, Reading 23 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Weait, M. (2003) The Civil Partnerships Bill, Family Law News, January 2003, Reading 38, Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University DVD The Open University (2008), Organisations and Justice, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University (DVD) The Open University (2008), The case of Diane Blood;, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Other References Slapper, G, and Kelly, D. (2011) The English Legal System (12th edn), Abingdon, Routledge, p.153), Milton Keynes, The Open University

Adorno and Horkheimers Dialectic of Enlightenment Essay -- Mythology

Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment 'Myth is already enlightenment; and enlightenment reverts to mythology' (Dialectic of Enlightenment XVI) Adorno and Horkheimer's obscure and nihilistic text Dialectic of Enlightenment (DoE) is an attempt to answer the question 'why mankind, instead of entering a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism' (DoE, p.xi). The result is a totalising critique of modernity; a diagnosis of why the Enlightenment project failed with no attempt to prescribe a cure. This is achieved by a historical-philosophical study of the mythic world-view of animism and anthropomorphism and the Enlightenment attempt to dissolve myth through objectification and instrumental reason. DoE also uses Homer's Odyssey as a metaphorical interpretation of this historical change, where Odysseus is the prototype of the bourgeois man. This study reveals for Adorno and Horkheimer the failure of the Enlightenment project. Enlightenment has no claim to being less a myth than the mythology it failed to escape. This new myth is defined for them by the drive to dominate nature at the expense of alienation of man from nature and from his own inner nature. They follow the appearance of the subject as it is objectified alongside nature, and is dominated with it. The subject becomes an object and his intellect becomes instrumental, and all instinct and sensory experience that fails to be productive in the pursuit of domination is repressed, man becomes mechanized. They also assert that class domination is a direct and inevitable consequence of the attempt to dominate nature, and is therefore inescapable. Background to the text. Adorno and Horkheimer, members of the Frankfurt school in Germany, wrote DoE (which was completed in 1944) while Fascism, a kind of barbarism never seen before, was threatening Europe. They viewed this as the epitome of the self-destructive nature of enlightenment, the final evidence that it would never result in 'a truly human condition'. They wrote in the introduction to DoE that 'the indefatigable self-destructiveness of enlightenment†¦requires philosophy to discard even the last vestiges of innocence in regard to the habits and tendencies of the spirit of the age' (p.xi), hence the intensity of their critique. Being part of the Frankfurt school, Adorno and Horkheimer were influenced... ...kfurt school, does not accept Adorno's solution. He believes Adorno is being too nihilistic in [continued next page] allowing no way to escape instrumental rationality. Habermas's main philosophical project has been to resolve this problem, to allow for the possibility of substantive rationality (i.e. rationality that is not aimed at power and domination but, rather, validity) and, thus, to save the project of the Enlightenment. The result is a theory of open communication that is aimed at an 'ideal speech situation', that is, at a discourse not tainted by instrumental aims. Bibliography: Theodor Adorno and Maw Horkheimer: The Dialectic of Enlightenment (Verso: London, 1997). Theodor Adorno: Negative Dialectics (Routledge: London, 1990)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jurgen Habermas: The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Re-reading Dialectic of Enlightenment, in Jay Bernstein (ed.): The Frankfurt School: Critical Assessments vol.3 (Routledge: London, 1994). Axel Honneth: The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages of Critical Social Theory (M.I.T: Boston, 1991). Gà ¶ran Therborn: The Frankfurt School, in New Left Review (ed.): Western Marxism: a Critical Reader (New Left Books: Norfolk, 1977).

Scuba :: essays research papers

Scuba diving is an activity enjoyed by people all over the world. Scientists use it to study underwater life, police use it to train in case of emergencies, and many others do it just for fun. What many people don't know, though, is that scuba diving would be impossible without physics. Pressure, buoyancy, and force are big parts of diving. Pressure, the weight pushing on something, is a vital part of scuba diving. As a diver sinks deeper into the water, the pressure pushing on the person's lungs pushes harder. This can be very dangerous to a person's safety. While the water is pushing on the outside of the lungs, pressure in the inside of the lungs is pushing out. If this pressure isn't the same as the weight from the water pushing on the lungs, the diver could have breathing problems and possibly die. To equalize these two pressures, modern scuba gear is equipped with a device attached to the air hose called a demand regulator that controls the flow of air getting to the lungs, changing the pressure inside. Buoyancy, how easily a person sinks or floats, is definitely a huge part of scuba diving. It determines how deep a person stays underwater. To control this, divers wear weights and inflatable neckwear called buoyancy compensators. Depending on how many weights a person is wearing; they sink to a certain depth and stay there. The more weights, the farther down they go. The buoyancy compensator, once inflated, rises the person back up to the surface. The more accessories, such as weights, a person wears, the lighter they feel in water and the easier they sink. All kinds of forces can be associated with scuba diving. For instance, when a diver kicks his fins to move, he is applying a force on the water behind him. In turn, the water is applying a force back on him, causing him to move. Pressure is a force that pushes on a diver's lungs, air tank, and everything else in the water.

Restriction Enzyme Analysis :: Papers

Restriction Enzyme Analysis Research question: Using only the information from these experiments calculate the number and size of the fragments that would be made using BAMH1 restriction enzyme, and calculate the migration distances of the various fragments. Restriction enzyme used Base pairing fragments Distance Travelled (cm)* Log of base pairs* Example My Group ECO R1 (6 fragments) 21226 7421 5804 5643 4878 3530 1.4 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.9 - 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.3 - - 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 HIND III (7 fragments) 23130 9416 6682 4361 2322 2027 564 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.5 3.7 5.8 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.9 3.1 - 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.8 Predicted figures from my graph BAM H1 (6 fragments) 16842 7233 6770 6527 5626 5504 1.3 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 Results *All figures in table are to 2s.f. I chose to calculate the log of the base pairs because the numbers vary significantly, making it difficult to plot on a graph. By doing this you can put the values into perspective for easy comparison. I will only use the example on my graph, as my results are unclear and inaccurate. I measured the distance from the edge of the gel, where the well ended to the centre of each fragment.

Fasb Asc Project

FASB ASC Project 1. The inventory at your company consists of computer software that the company has developed and is selling. You capitalized (rather than expensed) the cost of duplicating the software, the instruction manuals, and training material that are sold with the software. FASB ASC CITATION: Product Masters 985-330-25-1 The costs incurred for duplicating the computer software, documentation, and training materials from the  product masters  and for physically packaging the product for distribution shall be capitalized as inventory on a unit-specific basis. Answer 1:According to the FASB Codification, a completed version, ready for copying, of the computer software product, the documentation, and the training materials that are to be sold, are the property of the company. Also, the Codification states that all the costs incurred for copying the software should be capitalized rather than expensed. 2. Your company paid $2,000,000 for a 30-second commercial to be aired duri ng the SuperBowl 5 months from today. The ad has already been produced at a cost of $1,000,000. You capitalized the $2,000,000 cost of showing the ad on television rather than expensing it.FASB ASC CITATION: Communicating Advertising 720-35-25-5 Costs of communicating advertising are not incurred until the item or service has been received and shall not be reported as expenses before the item or service has been received, except as discussed in paragraph  340-20-25-2. For example: * a. The costs of television airtime shall not be reported as advertising expense before the airtime is used. Once it is used, the costs shall be expensed, unless the airtime was used for direct-response advertising activities that meet the criteria for capitalization under paragraph  340-20-25-4.Answer 2: The FASB Interpretation states that the costs of showing the ad on television should expensed, rather than capitalized unless it is direct-response advertizing. According to the FASB Interpretation 3 40-20-25-6, Criteria to Capitalize Direct-Response Advertising Costs, our example does not meet the criteria of direct-response advertising activities. For example, there are no means of getting files, coupons, response cards, or coded order forms, which would indicate the customer names and the related direct-response advertisement.Therefore, we cannot capitalize any costs relating to the communicating advertising. Furthermore, Codification guides that the advertising cost should not be reported until the service is received and used. Thus, recording the expenses five months in advance we are breaking matching principle of accounting. 3. Your company sells a product in which the â€Å"right of return† exists. The amount of future returns cannot be reasonably estimated, therefore, you do not record the sale or cost of goods sold until the return privilege has expired.FASB ASC CITATION: Sales of Product when Right of Return Exists 605-15-25-1 If an entity sells its product but gives the buyer the right to return the product, revenue from the sales transaction shall be recognized at time of sale only if all of the following conditions are met: * a. The seller's price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale. * b. The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product.If the buyer does not pay at time of sale and the buyer's obligation to pay is contractually or implicitly excused until the buyer resells the product, then this condition is not met. * c. The buyer's obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product. * d. The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller. This condition relates primarily to buyers that exist on paper, that is, buyers that have little or no physical facilities or employees.It prevents entities f rom recognizing sales revenue on transactions with parties that the sellers have established primarily for the purpose of recognizing such sales revenue. * e. The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer. f. The amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated (see paragraphs  605-15-25-3 through 25-4). Because detailed record keeping for returns for each product line might be costly in some cases, this Subtopic permits reasonable aggregations and approximations of product returns.As explained in paragraph  605-15-15-2, exchanges by ultimate customers of one item for another of the same kind, quality, and price (for example, one color or size for another) are not considered returns for purposes of this Subtopic. Answer 3: According to the FASB Codification, revenue from the sale should not be recognized at the time of sale, unless all of the six following conditions are met: (1) The sellerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale. (2)The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller, and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product. 3)The buyer’s obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product. (4)The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller. (5)The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer. (6)The seller can reasonably estimate the amount of future returns. Since we cannot estimate the amount of future returns in our example, condition #6 is not met.Therefore, sales revenue and cost of sales should be recognized either when the return privilege has substantially expired or if those conditions subsequently are met, whichever occurs first. 4. Your company has goods prim arily held for resale. You have been asked whether or not they are considered nonmonetary assets. FASB ASC CITATION: Monetary and Nonmonetary  Items 255-10-55-1 Paragraphs 255-10-55-1 through 55-13 of this Section provide guidance on the interpretation of paragraphs  255-10-50-50 through 50-55  for the classification of certain asset and liability items as monetary or nonmonetary.The following table illustrates the application of the definitions to common cases under typical circumstances. In other circumstances the classification should be resolved by reference to the definitions. Answer 4: The FASB Codification provides guidance on how to classify monetary and nonmonetary assets and liabilities. For typical circumstances it suggests using a classification table, and for non-typical circumstances Codification guides to refer to the definitions. To begin with, let us appeal to the definition of â€Å"inventory†.The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the mercha ndise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). Thus, we assume that â€Å"goods held primarily for resale† can be treated as inventory. According to the classification table, inventories and commodity inventories should be treated as nonmonetary assets. 5. Your company has an unconditional legal obligation to perform an asset retirement activity (asset retirement obligation) in the future.The only uncertainty is whether the obligation will be enforced. Should you record the asset retirement obligation? FASB ASC CITATION: Asset Retirement Obligation 410-20-25-4 An entity shall recognize the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation  in the period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. If a reasonable estimate of fair value cannot be made in the period the asset retirement obligation is incurred, the liability shall be recognized when a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made.If a tangible long-lived  asset with an existing  asset retirement obligation is acquired, a liability for that obligation  shall be recognized at the asset’s acquisition date as if that obligation  were incurred on that date. Answer 5: This Interpretation clarifies that the term conditional asset retirement obligation refers to a legal obligation to perform the asset retirement activity in which the timing and (or) method of settlement are conditional on a future event that may or may not be within the control of the entity.The obligation to perform the asset retirement activity is unconditional even though uncertainty exists about the timing and (or) method of settlement. Thus, an we are required to recognize a liability for the fair value of a conditional asset retirement obligation when incurred if the liability’s fair value can b e reasonably estimated. 6. You use accounting accruals to record probable loss contingencies. Does the recording of the accruals provide financial protection, for example, is it the same as setting aside specific assets to cover the probable claims?FASB ASC CITATION: Loss Contingencies Recognition 450-20-25-2 An estimated loss from a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if both of the following conditions are met: * a. Information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section  855-10-25) indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements.Date of the financial statements means the end of the most recent accounting period for which financial statements are being presented. It is implicit in this condition that it must be probable that one or more future events will occur confirming the fact of the loss. * b. The amount o f loss can be reasonably estimated. The purpose of those conditions is to require accrual of losses when they are reasonably estimable and relate to the current or a prior period.Paragraphs  450-20-55-1 through 55-17  and Examples 1–2 (see paragraphs  450-20-55-18 through 55-35) illustrate the application of the conditions. As discussed in paragraph  450-20-50-5, disclosure is preferable to accrual when a reasonable estimate of loss cannot be made. Further, even losses that are reasonably estimable shall not be accrued if it is not probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of an entity's financial statements because those losses relate to a future period rather than the current or a prior period.Attribution of a loss to events or activities of the current or prior periods is an element of asset impairment or liability incurrence. Answer 6: According to GAAP, using accounting accruals is required if two conditions are met: â €“ If the asset has been impaired or liability has been incurred prior to the date of financial statement, and, thus, relate to the current or prior period; – If the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated; Let us assume that both of the conditions are met in our example, and using of accounting accruals is justified.Thinking of financial protection we can say that accruals certainly help companies to avoid unexpected losses on financial statements. Since it is necessary to be able to make a reasonable estimate of loss in the right period, accruing a liability technically looks like setting aside money to cover those needs. However, setting aside specific assets to satisfy future needs seems to be safer since restricting an asset we assume that it exists physically whereas accruing a liability does not guarantee the company will be able to pay.

Marco Polo’s Influence on Christopher Columbus Essay

Marco Polos Travels im historic periodulated in atomic number 63 of the quartetteteenth and fifteenth century a new perception of the eastern reality, a world just as overcompensate and sophisticated as that of the westerly. Yet, an new(prenominal) deuce centuries were needed for a significant transmit to take place this was Christopher capital of Ohio navigate. For Christopher capital of Ohio, Marco Polos motivateogue was a valuable and straightforward resource that contained the unavoidable details of the East. The geographical descriptions in his writing generated a bag for capital of Ohio scientific calculations for his expedition and the unmistakable depictions of the luxuriousness of Cipangu and Cathay, flawed though they were, created a surd motivation for capital of Ohio. In the twelfth of May 1492, Christopher capital of Ohio, accompanied by the publications of Marco Polo, sets sail to change history forever.Marco Polos travelogue was the solitary(prenomin al) written describe to beat enlightened the europiu mankind world with details of the Eastern world. In the socio-economic class 1254, when Marco Polo was born in a direful family of Venice, the public knowledge of the East was near(a) to nothing. Ever since the days of Alexander the Great, europium had scarce in realizeation ab turn turn out its adjacent civilization. Although basic trade routes were present along the Silk Road, no one in the West seems to have had any(prenominal) notion of the surface area from which it had come or those through which it had passed. Moslem countries that surrounded europium, along with the Atlantic oceanic created a natural barrier, isolating the europiumans from the reliever of the world.Even the vigorous merchants of Venice, Genoa, and Constantinople could not tick beyond the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The trust and commerce of Islam were flourishing throughout that unadulterated aft(prenominal) the first Crusades. Due to this strong Islamic curtain, the Europeans were unaware of the population of the Mongolian empire gradually ascent as one of the world superpowers until Marco Polo came concealwork forcet with fascinating stories after his service under(a) the Great khan.The s change surfaceteen years of service under Kublai Khan safely and conveniently provided Marco with a wide range of experiences in the Asian continent. The Polo brothers, Maffeo and Nicolo Polo (father and uncle of Marco Polo) had initially met with the Khan rough years before they took Marco on their sanction journey to China.Let me tell you future(a) of the personal appearance of the Great captain of Lords whose name is Kubilai Khan. He is a man of good stature, neither short nor big but of moderate height. His limbs are easy fleshed out and modeled in cod proportion. His complexion is fair and ruddy interchangeable a rose, the eyes black and handsome, the nose designly and set squarely in place.The Khan was a wise and suffer man, and Marco being a master four languages and young and healthy as he was, the Khan appointed him to a mellow post in the administration. Marco was given a amberen tablet in the shape of a tigers head, which grated Chang Chun a free pass and the right of attention e very(prenominal)where in the Mongol Realm. With adapted access, Marco was able to visit various places in Asia and gained an abundant amount of experience with its culture. He illustrates the geography, climate, people, and religions of the East in depth, even mentioning the chemical formula of Mongolian dried milk.Marco Polos achievements were plainly completed after his return home, when encounters Rustichello of Pisa, a romance writer who became his collaborator in putting his stories into a take for. Two years before the death of Kublai Khan, the Polos were assigned their proceed mission to escort the Mongol princess Kokachin to unite the Persian prince, and then to return home. Pai nstakingly, they consummate their mission and arrived home in the winter of 1295. Marco begins a new life with the jewels and gold acquired in his journey. When a war amidst Venice and Genoa starts off, Marco is captured and imprisoned for a year in the Genoese prison. Here he meets Rustichello, to whom Marco tells the stories of his expectant journey. After his return home, Marco, although Rustichello did most of the work, publishes his travelogue Marco Polo Travels.Marcos book remained more for recreation purposes until the 1450s and 60s when Johann Gutenberg invents the letterpress and catalyzes its spread. At first, many people were unbelieving about his book. His writing contained many mentions of leg decisions and myths that seemed to be quite exaggerated. Neither did Marco include any descriptions about the Great Wall. Regardless of thesecontroversies, his book became one of the first books to be massively published through the Gutenbergs letterpress. Travels spreads out through Europe in no cadence. By the clock all of Europe is shocked by his book, Marco approaches his death, leaving the put out words I have only told the half of what I saw Whether or not Marcos words were unquestionable was not an issue at this point.In the years following Marcos death, spacious changes occurred in the minds of Europeans including the perception of world geography, without delay affecting capital of Ohio preparations. The TO map top hat represents the medieval understanding of the world. (Diagram attached to the back) The detonatory O, represents the world and the branches of the T, the Don and the Nile. Asia fills the upper getup circle and in the left and right of the upright section of the T, which represents the Mediterranean, lays Africa and Europe. In the amount of money is Jerusalem and at the top is earthly Paradise of Adam and Eve, believed at the time to be the source of great rivers much(prenominal) as the Tigris and the Euphrates. Images of Noahs Ark, the Tower of Babel, and others of the playscript can be found on the map. As presented, the TO map signifies the primitive form of the world map before the years of Marco Polo.The world map rapidly evolved start from the publishing of Marcos book to the time of Columbus. The impact of Marco Polos works is displayed in these maps. Among the numerous versions of different maps, the first maps know to us strongly influenced by Marcos Books and which still remain to is the Catalan Atlas, draw up by the Majorcan Jew Abraham Cresques at nigh 1380. Here is introduced for the first time, India, in the form of a peninsula and images and lands of the Great Khan. The map in like manner includes on it images of traditional legends of the area. Great proportion can be found among them and those of Marcos book. Representations of the world grew bigger and wider until finally, even the notion of a path watt to Asia is brought up.When the impact of Marco Polo started to take p lace, a medical student of Florence by the name of Paolo Toscanelli, played the purpose of transforming the ideas of Marco Polo into the scientific inspirations for Christopher Columbus.Toscanelli was one of Marco Polos believers, who harbour Marco Polos estimate of the length of Asia to be correct. He argued that, according to his calculations, a voyage of 3000miles from Lisbon to Cipangu and 500miles from Lisbon to Quinsay was possible. With this calculation, he urged men that an expedition for the assay of Japan, described as the most fertile in gold, should be organized.Among these men was the young and ambitious Christopher Columbus. The theories of Toscanelli worked up the intellectual interest of Columbus and concisely Columbus was determined to find out more. Columbus wrote Toscanelli questioning him for more statewide information. Toscanelli replied with an encouragement of Columbus aspirations and a graph of calculations, which he carried with him on his voyage. By this time, Columbus was determined to put his thoughts into action.Although Columbus calculations were conservatively do, most of it was erroneous. One of his major calculations was his misconception of a degree. He thought the length of a degree was 562/3 Italian nautical miles. (the Italian nautical mile utilize by Columbus contained 1480 meters ) This was not his confess idea, but of the general public of his time. harmonize to Henry Vignaud, he obtained his results because he knew in advance what he wanted to find. ground on his degree and other elements including the calculations of Toscanelli, Columbus conclusion came out to be remote from the truth.It came out that Tokyo would be on the meridian that runs through Western Cuba, Chattanooga, voluptuous Rapids, and Western Ontario. In other words, he underestimated the size of the world by 25 percent. Yet, until his actual departure, he had no pinch whatsoever of his mistakes or of the American continent. Marco Polo had provided Columbus with crucial information of the East, but Columbus had not known that at that place were so many more things to consider, much(prenominal) as the existence of another world in the West.Fifteenth century Europe was an age of exploration and discovery interest of the Eastern world was increasing rapidly everyday. make do with the Indies, which referred to most of Eastern Asia, flourished during the time of Columbus, oddly in Portugal and Spain where spent most of his life. The cover of Polos travels told how to buy spices from the East, andother goods such as silk, gold, silver, or perfumes were also interpreted by caravans across Asia to Constantinople and then distribute through Europe. Although the price was costly collectable to long and burdensome process of transportation and handling, the demand for these merchandises continued to rise as the amount of luxury and wealth of Europe also amplificationd.Thus, it was soon evident for a new and shorter rout e for the importing of these valuables. reiterate attempts were made to get around Africa to India. Columbus, however, fixed that the African route was the hard flair to the Indies. He was thinking of an easier and quicker way to reach the East he proposed to travel west. His rather rash plot satisfactory the desires for expansion of the people of his time.After Columbus made up his mind, his next caper was to convince the wealthy Princes to provide the necessary equipment and money for his expedition. Unfortunately, Columbus was glum start in the Portuguese committee, where he had gained a certain level of respect as a merchant. He, then moved to Spain, and started his 6 years of persuasion. It was hard for Columbus to support with solid indorse his requests at first. He, thus, turned to Marco Polo.Columbus used the tempting descriptions of the Cipangu, or todays Japan, for his first parentage against the princes. By the time of Columbus, The Travels of Marco Polo became one of the best-known tales in western Europe. One of the biggest issues of Marco Polos book was whether or not its magnificent portrayal of Japans luxury was true. According to Marco Polo, wealth of no other civilization matched that of the Japanese.They have gold in great abundance, because it is found there in measureless quantitiesso much indeed that I can report to you in sober truth a trustworthy marvel concerning a certain palace of the ruler of the island. You may take it for a fact that he has a very large palace entirely cover with find gold. Just as we roof our houses or churches with lead, so this palace is roofed with fine gold.Even the most unregenerate princes gazed open-mouthed at the imagination of suchluxury. Certainly, the search for Cipangu sounded much more convincing after such descriptions.Another part of Columbus argument was based on spectral reasoning. The failure of the Crusades was a huge dismantle for the Christian ruling class of Europe and ma ny attempts to regain control of the beatified Land, which was then occupied by the Turks, were made. The Mongol empire, which the Europeans still believed to exist way after its actual downfall, sounded like a strategically profitable deal. Horrific impressions faded past as benevolent descriptions of Kublai Khan and the rest of his subjects were made in Marco Polos book. instantly let me tell you something of the bounties that the Great Khan confers upon his subjects. For all his thoughts are directed towards component part the people who are subject to him, so that they may live and labor and increase their wealth.Likewise, Europeans were shocked at the incredibly cultivated qualities of the Mongols they previously considered barbaric. In 1492, after sixsome years of tenacious persuasion, King Ferdinand and pouf Isabella of Spain finally accept Columbus proposal. The end to Columbus persuasion of princes only brings forrard about a new start-off of an arduous journey of e xploration and a new world.Marco Polos Travels acted as a basis for Christopher Columbuss achievement and the Age of Discovery. Columbus may have formulated a flawed opening of the world, but it was convincing enough for the princes who bought into it. This for certain could not have been done without evidence found in Marco Polos book. Without Marco Polo, there would not have been Columbus, and furthermore, no America. Marco Polos possibly false information has made one of the biggest changes in history.

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third clinical most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize smoke marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the more Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006).So many women and men talk about Marijuana like its not a medication.Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2).Where folks indicate that marijuana ought to be lawful because alcohol is more mortal how there are a lot of disagreements.

$5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and central local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d.Marijuana ought to be legal.7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a non substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from double taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer manufactured goods to $6.Marijuana isnt legal in New Hampshire, whatever the quantity you own.

This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 medical marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 few years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit clinical symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d.Retail marijuana wasnt the choice among De Beque s steps.President Richard anti Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission what was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A received Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National new Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and L egal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among Americans.

Argument Against direct Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; left lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of medical marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom wired and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.Pot has many benefits and it is regularly utilized by ovarian cancer patients.When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into how this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough t o impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the emotional responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say how that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for how our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me few more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Therefore the reason behind marijuanas status isnt really there.

According to this study, the female rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus foreign lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in new order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles logical and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug.Medicinal marijuana is possibly the choice of medication.Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists extract from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or significant shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that many causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The new DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started worn out smoking marijuana.Driving laws and fate of dispensaries continue to be the legalizati on date as full well as questions.

Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is muscular wasting 7.Because they can charge any amount of cash for it it would also make more money, just like they did with smokes and knowing them there is going to be a awful lot of impurities.The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the whole country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant good for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create small baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of medicinal cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by slow burning cannabis leave by the entrance.Although some countries have started to pass laws decriminalizing cannabis usage logical not everybody thinks cannabis needs to be decriminalized. < /p>

Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis logical and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with deceased providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The common use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered other people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the thk same effect.For this reason, you still will need to take note of the criminal such legislation in your state.With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the many people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go own back to the people in various ways.Cannabis may be used for treatment to begin with.

Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ african American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.Cannabis comprises a substance referred to.apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n.Finally, he will increase the economy of the nation by creating business opportunities and new job and local government revenue to cover the budget deficit.

org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n.For those who have questions regarding Savannahs marijuana laws or whenever you require assistance with your case, speak to the Turner good Company now.druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals.Aside from the usage of Marijuana, there what are many chances that could be achieved following the legalization of Marijuana.

Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana logical and Sex: Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011).Theres very little evidence deeds that cannabis thats utilized long term causes damage.Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki.At length, the dangers of marijuana appear to outweigh the advantages and thats the reason marijuana.

gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan.† Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998).